{"id":865,"date":"2025-01-19T17:54:24","date_gmt":"2025-01-19T22:54:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/earthfirst.pe\/?p=865"},"modified":"2025-02-11T12:20:39","modified_gmt":"2025-02-11T17:20:39","slug":"mineria-informal-e-ilegal-diversificada-en-el-peru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/earthfirst.pe\/?p=865","title":{"rendered":"Diversified informal and illegal mining in Peru"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"865\" class=\"elementor elementor-865\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7bd45c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a7bd45c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80f46c4 elementor-shape-circle e-grid-align-right elementor-grid-0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons\" data-id=\"80f46c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"social-icons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-size-default\">Miner\u00eda informal e ilegal diversificada en el Per\u00fa<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4048897 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4048897\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c0cbff elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"0c0cbff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-column 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img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1686\" height=\"646\" src=\"https:\/\/earthfirst.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/final.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-885\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/earthfirst.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/final.jpg 1686w, https:\/\/earthfirst.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/final-300x115.jpg 300w, https:\/\/earthfirst.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/final-1024x392.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/earthfirst.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/final-768x294.jpg 768w, https:\/\/earthfirst.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/final-1536x589.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1686px) 100vw, 1686px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0127cd1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0127cd1\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8ec1a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f8ec1a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9eef10c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9eef10c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcae4bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bcae4bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.22.0 - 26-06-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<h5 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>DR. V\u00cdCTOR HUGO PACHAS<\/strong><\/h5><h5 style=\"text-align: right;\"><b>Research Manager \u2013 EARTH FIRST<\/b><\/h5><h5 style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"mailto:victorhugo@earthfirst.pe\">victorhugo@earthfirst.pe<\/a><\/h5><h5 style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>19 de enero, 2025<\/strong><\/h5><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Una revisi\u00f3n detenida del \u00faltimo Anuario Minero del 2023,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.www.gob.pe\/uploads\/document\/file\/6682903\/5804716-am-2023%282%29.pdf?v=1723504121\">MINEM (2024)<\/a>, indica que el Per\u00fa reporta producci\u00f3n de 8 metales: cobre, oro, zinc, plata, plomo, hierro, esta\u00f1o y molibdeno. De estos 8 metales, s\u00f3lo dos est\u00e1n fuera de los listados de minerales cr\u00edticos en transici\u00f3n energ\u00e9tica de la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/cmm\/what-are-critical-materials-and-critical-minerals\">U.S.\u00a0Geological Survey 2022 List of Critical Minerals<\/a>\u00a0y la\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/es\/infographics\/critical-raw-materials\/#0\">Comisi\u00f3n Europea<\/a>: el oro y el hierro. De los 6 metales producidos formalmente en Per\u00fa y ubicados en estas listas, existe demanda comercial de cobre, zinc, plata y plomo en enclaves mineros de Nasca (Ica) y Arequipa, que induce a sostener que podr\u00edan proceder de minas informales e ilegales.<\/p><p><em>Lo que dice el gobierno peruano<\/em><\/p><p>El\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.www.gob.pe\/uploads\/document\/file\/6682903\/5804716-am-2023%282%29.pdf?v=1723504121\">MINEM (2024)<\/a>\u00a0dice:<\/p><ol><li>En la producci\u00f3n nacional de cobre, la peque\u00f1a miner\u00eda represent\u00f3 el 0.2% (5,738 TMF). En los \u00faltimos 10 a\u00f1os, el porcentaje ha sido similar.<\/li><li>En la producci\u00f3n nacional de zinc, la peque\u00f1a miner\u00eda represent\u00f3 el 0.5% (7,789 TMF). En los \u00faltimos 10 a\u00f1os, el porcentaje ha sido similar, incluso entre los a\u00f1os 2018 y 2019 existi\u00f3 declaraciones de productores artesanales.<\/li><li>En la producci\u00f3n nacional de plata, la peque\u00f1a miner\u00eda represent\u00f3 el 2.7% (83,716 kilogramos finos).<\/li><li>En la producci\u00f3n nacional de plomo, la peque\u00f1a miner\u00eda represent\u00f3 el 1.2% (3,536 TMF). En los \u00faltimos 10 a\u00f1os, el porcentaje ha sido similar, incluso entre los a\u00f1os 2018 y 2019 existi\u00f3 declaraciones de productores artesanales.<\/li><li>Respecto al Esta\u00f1o y el Molibdeno, el Anuario Minero 2023 no se\u00f1ala producci\u00f3n de la peque\u00f1a miner\u00eda ni miner\u00eda artesanal, en los \u00faltimos 10 a\u00f1os.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><em>Lo que dice los compradores de polimet\u00e1licos<\/em><\/p><p>Al cierre del 2024, en algunas entrevistas con compradores de minerales y concentrados de polimet\u00e1licos, desde el a\u00f1o 2015, la demanda de cobre, zinc, plata y plomo se ampli\u00f3 considerablemente. La procedencia de mineral es de todo el pa\u00eds y es practicada por mineros informales e ilegales. Existe ya una especializaci\u00f3n en la producci\u00f3n de estos minerales que son procesados en Nasca y varios puntos del departamento de Arequipa. Sin embargo, no se conoce la cadena de suministro que tiene, ni el destino comercial de estos productos, as\u00ed como los impactos ambientales que est\u00e1n girando a esta diversificaci\u00f3n de la miner\u00eda informal e ilegal.<\/p><p><em>Lo que dice la literatura especializada<\/em><\/p><p>La literatura del sector minero y particularmente de la miner\u00eda de peque\u00f1a escala se ha concentrado en la producci\u00f3n de oro. El centro de atenci\u00f3n y debate, por mucho tiempo, ha sido, y es, Madre de Dios. La legislaci\u00f3n vinculada con el Peque\u00f1o Productor Minero y Productor Minero Artesanal, tampoco ha especificado diferencias para la producci\u00f3n de estos metales. En el caso del esta\u00f1o y el cobre de este subsector minero,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.responsiblemines.org\/en\/2023\/10\/the-challenges-of-small-scale-tin-mining-in-bolivia-peru-and-brazil\/\">Pachas (2023)<\/a>\u00a0y\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/victorhugopachas.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Copper-Mining-in-Peru-ENG-baja-resolucion.pdf\">(2024)<\/a>\u00a0plante\u00f3 algunas l\u00edneas de trabajo, pero en el resto de los metales todo es una inc\u00f3gnita.<\/p><p>Se recomienda:<\/p><ol><li>El gobierno peruano deber\u00eda caracterizar la diversificaci\u00f3n de producci\u00f3n de minerales donde se involucra la miner\u00eda informal e ilegal, para mejor la legislaci\u00f3n que la ordena.<\/li><li>Los estudios de investigaci\u00f3n acad\u00e9mica deber\u00edan considerar ampliar su radio de an\u00e1lisis del comportamiento de la miner\u00eda de peque\u00f1a escala en otros metales, para identificar semejanzas y diferencias con los estudios ya realizados.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>Referencias bibliogr\u00e1ficas<\/strong><\/p><p>MINEM (2024).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.www.gob.pe\/uploads\/document\/file\/6682903\/5804716-am-2023%282%29.pdf?v=1723504121\">Anuario Minero 2023<\/a>. Ministerio de Energ\u00eda y Minas. Lima.<\/p><p>Pachas, V.H. (2023, October 18<sup>th<\/sup>).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.responsiblemines.org\/en\/2023\/10\/the-challenges-of-small-scale-tin-mining-in-bolivia-peru-and-brazil\/\">The Challenges of Small-Scale Tin Mining in Bolivia, Brazil y Peru<\/a>. En @Responsiblemines.org<\/p><p>Pachas, V.H. (2024).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/victorhugopachas.pe\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Copper-Mining-in-Peru-ENG-baja-resolucion.pdf\">Artisanal and Small \u2013 Scale Copper Mining in Peru<\/a>. ISEAL (SECO), INTEL Coorporation, Alliance For Responsible Mining, The Copper Mark, GIZ \u2013 MINSUS Project.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Facebook Youtube Linkedin X-twitter Miner\u00eda informal e ilegal diversificada en el Per\u00fa DR. V\u00cdCTOR HUGO PACHAS Research Manager \u2013 EARTH FIRST victorhugo@earthfirst.pe 19 de enero, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"page-no-title","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-865","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/earthfirst.pe\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/865","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/earthfirst.pe\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/earthfirst.pe\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/earthfirst.pe\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/earthfirst.pe\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=865"}],"version-history":[{"count":56,"href":"https:\/\/earthfirst.pe\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/865\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1905,"href":"https:\/\/earthfirst.pe\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/865\/revisions\/1905"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/earthfirst.pe\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=865"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/earthfirst.pe\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=865"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/earthfirst.pe\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=865"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}